Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental condition characterised by struggles with social communication and interaction as well as repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. The social elements of autism relate to difficulties with social-emotional reciprocity, non-verbal communicative behaviours, and understanding the nature of social relationships. On the other hand, the non-social domains of autism entail repetitive motor movements, the obsessive desire for sameness, highly restricted interests, and hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input.

A specific learning difficulty that is characterised by difficulties with phonological awareness, a weakness in working memory, and struggles with rapid naming, which mainly affect reading and spelling.

There are several types of dyslexia:

- Phonological Dyslexia.

- Surface Dyslexia.

- Rapid Naming Deficit.

- Double Deficit Dyslexia.

- Visual Dyslexia.

Difficulties with spelling/writing, poor handwriting, and trouble putting thoughts on paper.

‍Motor dysgraphia: Lack of fine-motor coordination and visual perception. Illegible and slow handwriting, poor drawing and tracing skills, and slow finger-tapping.

‍Spatial dysgraphia: Problems of spatial perception, which affects letter spacing and drawing ability. Struggle with handwriting and drawing.

‍Linguistic dysgraphia: Impacts the language processing skills required in the writing process. It most strongly affects spontaneously written text

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An acquired difficulty in math processing, concepts, and calculations. Dyscalculia appears in multiple forms and is identified by various characteristics.

Struggles with planning and processing motor tasks, movement/coordination, and perception.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active. The cause(s) and risk factors for ADHD are unknown, but current research shows that genetics plays an important role.

Caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. It varies in severity among individuals, causing lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays:

- Trisomy 21: There is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in every cell. This is the most common form of Down Syndrome.

- Mosaicism: Chromosome in some but not all cells. Tend to have fewer symptoms than those with trisomy 21.

- Translocation: Only have an extra part of chromosome 21.

A motor disability that impacts an individual's ability to move as well as maintain balance and posture. It is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the brain, which affects an individual's muscle control. There are a number of kinds of CP and there can be cases where an individual has a mix of CP forms.

‍Spastic CP: the most common type of CP that is characterised by increased muscle tone and stiffness, thus resulting in awkward movement.

‍Dyskinetic CP: characterised by issues with movement control leading to very rapid or slow movements and/or a hard time swallowing/chewing/talking.

‍Ataxic CP: leads to issues with balance and coordination regarding walking, writing, and other movements.

Students with physical impairments may have difficulties with mobility, manual dexterity and speech. Some would use a wheelchair all or some of the time. They might need support with personal care.

With vision impairment, this can be classified into several groups:

- Loss of Central Vision: creates a blur or blindspot, but side (peripheral) vision remains intact. This makes it difficult to read, recognise faces and distinguish most details in the distance.

- Loss of Peripheral (Side) Vision: an inability to distinguish anything to one side or both sides or anything directly above and/or below eye level. Central vision remains, however, making it possible to see directly ahead. Typically, loss of peripheral vision may affect mobility and if severe, can slow reading speed as a result of seeing only a few words at a time. This is sometimes referred to as "tunnel vision."

- Blurred Vision: causes both near and far to appear to be out of focus, even with the best conventional spectacle correction possible.

- Generalised Haze: causes the sensation of a film or glare that may extend over the entire viewing field.

- Extreme Light Sensitivity: exists when standard levels of illumination overwhelm the visual system, producing a washed out image and/or glare disability. People with extreme light sensitivity may actually suffer pain or discomfort from relatively normal levels of illumination.

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With hearing impairment, a person who is not able to hear as well as someone with normal hearing – hearing thresholds of 25 dB or better in both ears – is said to have hearing loss. Hearing loss may be mild, moderate, severe, or profound. It can affect one ear or both ears, and leads to difficulty in hearing conversational speech or loud sounds.

A consistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speaking is expected, despite being able to speak in other situations. Can affect social and emotional development and can persist into adolescence.

Presence of repetitive tics (movements and unwanted sounds) that cannot be controlled. Though largely attributed to genetic dispositions, Tourette's is commonly activated by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Specific language impairment (SLI) is a communication disorder that interferes with the development of language skills in children who have no hearing loss or intellectual disabilities. SLI can affect a child's speaking, listening, reading, and writing. SLI can exist in the form of delay or deviance. "Delay" or slower than average development of language from the point of emergence to the point of mastery is more common than deviance. "Deviance" is having out of the ordinary language errors. Common errors affect expressive vocabulary, comprehension, and grammatical constructions. SLI is also called developmental language disorder, language delay, or developmental dysphasia. It is one of the most common developmental disorders, affecting approximately 7 to 8 percent of children in kindergarten. The impact of SLI usually persists into adulthood.

A developmental delay refers to a child who has not gained the developmental skills expected of him or her, compared to others of the same age. Delays may occur in the areas of motor function, speech and language, cognitive, play, and social skills. Global developmental delay means a young child has significant delays in two or more of these areas of development. There is not one cause for delays in development. Factors that may contribute can occur before a child is born, during the birth process, and after birth. These could include:

- Genetic or hereditary conditions like Down Syndrome.

- Metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU).

- Trauma to the brain, such as shaken baby syndrome.

- Severe psychosocial trauma, such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

- Exposure to certain toxic substances like prenatal alcohol exposure or lead poisoning.

- Some very serious infections.

- Deprivation of food or environment.